Disbelieving in Gods but Believing in Stories: a response to Paul Wallace’s open letter to atheists

There is an essay titled Believing in Johnny Cash: An Open Letter to Atheists by Paul Wallace at Religion Dispatches.  In the essay, Wallace writes about Johnny Cash as a way to demonstrate that stories can contain truths that are relevant to life.  He writes in the beginning of his essay that he has “long suspected that some atheists may be ill at ease with stories” and later explains further,

What I propose is that no one lives, or can live, or has ever lived, within the circle of empirical science.  I propose that no matter who we are or what our beliefs might be, we have always had to deal with the question of interpretation.  And that question is not whether to interpret, but how.  No one fails to interpret.  Interpretation is what human beings do.

Put another way, we cannot avoid believing in stories.  We can only hope to choose the best ones.  How to do this?  I propose that good stories are stories that tell the truth, and bad ones are ones that do not.

I fear I may have lost some of you just now.  In particular, most atheists I know would be quite critical of the idea that stories are related in any meaningful way to the bedrock truth about the world.[1]

Over at Pharyngula, PZ Myers posted a blog entry titled Wait, what?  Atheists don’t understand stories? in response to Wallace’s essay.[2]

I wrote the following as a comment on Myer’s blog entry.

Comment #105 (13 September 2011 at 7:56 pm)

I absolutely love stories and think they can have great meaning.  In fact, one of my many issues with religion is that, instead of treating holy books as works of literature, people treat them as though all or some of their contents actually literally happened, even if they didn’t happen.  Even people who take some parts metaphorically (such as Genesis) still believe literally in other parts (such as Jesus being the Son of God).  And even those who take many more parts metaphorically still pretend the characters are paragons of virtue despite their bad actions, because (unlike with other books) believing in an interpretation in which a character is actually bad isn’t considered okay, especially if that character is favored by God.

Greta Christina’s “When Anyone is Watching: Metaphors and the Slipperiness of Religion” and Jen McCreight’s “Skepticism & Fiction” are relevant reading here.[3]

I believe wholeheartedly that stories can convey truth and meaning, both nonfictional information and figurative lessons.  I have written entries about lessons in literature, which I hope show my love of stories and my belief that they convey ideas that are relevant to life.[4]

Are there people, both religious and non-religious, who are overly dismissive or critical of fiction or of certain types of fiction?  Yes, there are.  Most people are probably familiar with religious groups which don’t approve of certain fictional stories if there are elements in the stories which criticize, question, or even just don’t sufficiently support their religious worldview.  (The disapproval of J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series and Philip Pullman’s His Dark Materials trilogy comes to mind, as do various condemnations of books with LGBTQIA characters.)  Jen McCreight’s entry Skepticism & Fiction contains criticism of skeptics who don’t like fiction.  A reader of McCreight’s blog asked her, “How can you be ok with all the shiny-afterlife-awaits-you and stuff in Harry Potter?”  McCreight explains that she understands that it’s fiction and that “it’s a pet peeve of [hers] when skeptics are so skeptical that they can’t even enjoy fiction”.  She also criticizes Richard Dawkins for saying that reading fantasy novels contributes to irrational thinking, and she points out that reading fantasy novels enforced her skepticism, making it easier for her to recognize religious stories as fiction.[5]  I very much agree with McCreight’s points, and I’ve also had the experience of realizing that religious stories are fictional due to my reading of fantasy and science fiction novels.  So, while there are people who are too suspicious of works of fiction which don’t fit with their worldview, who miss an opportunity to find meaning in certain stories, I don’t see a reason to believe that atheists are somehow more likely to do this (to be more “ill at ease with stories”) compared to religious believers.  (It’s also worth pointing out that even people who may not see the purpose or meaning in certain stories or genres that they don’t like are still capable of finding meaning in other stories that they enjoy.  Dawkins has written about the value of learning about the Bible in order to understand literature, and religious people who don’t like particular stories still enjoy other stories that they feel don’t conflict with their religious beliefs.)

Additionally, and importantly, there is a significant difference between not appreciating stories and disagreeing with the way that religious texts are interpreted by religious believers.  A person can disagree with the way a religious story is being interpreted by religious believers without discarding the idea of finding truth or meaning in stories.  The literal interpretation of religious texts and the automatic assumption of the goodness of religious stories are two examples of interpretations that a person might reject while still believing that stories contain valuable insight into life.

On the first point (the literal interpretation of religious texts), Wallace accuses atheists of not believing that stories contain truth while he himself does not acknowledging that religious leaders very often teach that fictional stories are literal fact.  Some “truths” that are often proclaimed to be evident in religious texts are the literal existence of gods and other characters and the historical veracity of certain supernatural events.  These “truths” are not true.  Wallace’s evidence supporting his assertion about atheists mostly consists of criticism of a literal belief in God and creationism by one atheist (PZ Myers).  Wallace is vague about whether or not he actually thinks that the stories in the Bible actually happened, which raises questions due to the ubiquity of literal or partially-literal interpretations.  As Greta Christina pointed out in When Anyone is Watching: Metaphors and the Slipperiness of Religion, some religious people are vague about whether their religious beliefs are metaphorical or literal.  She points out that people sometimes claim their religious beliefs are a metaphor when speaking with someone who is not a member of the religion but say that they really believe in the supernatural elements of their religion when speaking with coreligionists.[6]  Considering that we live in a world in which many people believe that religious stories are literally true, it’s understandable that conversations about the “truth” of religious stories will focus on factual truth.  Since one of the main arguments against religion is the lack of evidence for its factual claims (and since not believing in the existence of gods is the main disagreement between theists and atheists), atheists’ statements about the truth in religious stories often address the lack of evidence for the existence of God, and these statements should not be taken as a denial of the importance of fictional stories when they are read as fictional stories.

On the second point (the assumption of the goodness of religious stories), it is important to consider is that there is a difference between not finding any meaning or truth in stories and believing that a particular story has an immoral message.  Wallace accuses atheists of dismissing the truth that can be found in religious stories while not acknowledging that there are atheists who believe that stories can contain important lessons but disagree with the messages in some religious texts.  A person who believes that the story of Abraham being willing to sacrifice his son Isaac (in Judaism and Christianity) or Ishamel (in Islam) is a horrendous example of unquestioningly following an oppressive God is not denying the ability of stories to convey meaning, but is rather pointing out that the message being conveyed is wrong.  Wallace emphasizes that good lessons that can be found in the Bible (in particular, the parable of the Prodigal Son), but another person may interpret the same passage in a different way or point out that there are many other passages in the Bible which contradict the good messages found in a few passages.  A person may think that a particular story has a horrible message and think that another story has a better one.  (In fact, PZ Myers’ Sunday Sacrilege:  So alone, the entry that Wallace quoted from, includes criticism of the message taken from religious stories as well as an interpretation of the true story of our origins that gives us meaning and hope for a better future.[7])  Stating that a story has an immoral message, while another story has a better one, is actually an acknowledgement of the fact that a story can convey a truthful message that is relevant to life.  Believing that a particular story, even a religious story, has an immoral message should not be taken as an unwillingness or inability to find meaning in stories in general.

Lastly, I want to put forth what I find the most glaring inconsistency with reality that is demonstrated by Wallace’s essay.  He ignores the following fact:  In the real world, there are atheists who write fiction.  Fiction writing is not the exclusive domain of religious people, and ignoring the existence of atheist authors who pen moving and meaningful fiction (as well as those who make frequent allusion to fiction in their nonfictional works) while writing a questionable essay accusing atheists of being “ill at ease” with stories is an exercise in absurdity.

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Acknowlegements

Thanks to PZ Myers, because I found Paul Wallace’s essay at Pharyngula, and to Paul Wallace for writing the essay in the first place.  Thanks to Greta Christina and Jen McCreight for their writing on the topic.

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Update (6 October 2011)

Paul Wallace wrote a blog entry called Lying on a bed of nails:  more on Johnny Cash, the prodigal son, and the truth of stories (PSNT, 19 September 2011) in response to the many reactions to the original piece. (URL:  http://psnt.net/blog/2011/09/more-on-stories/)

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References

[1] Wallace, Paul.  Johnny Cash: An Open Letter to Atheists.  Posted on 11 September 2011 at the (A)theologies section of Religion Dispatches.  Retrieved on 13 September 2011 from http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/atheologies/4796/believing_in_johnny_cash:_an_open_letter_to_atheists.

[2] Myers, PZ.  Wait, what?  Atheists don’t understand stories?  Posted on 13 September 2011 at Pharyngula.  Retrievedon 20 September 2011 from http://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/09/13/wait-what-atheists-dont-understand-stories/.

[3] Sharmin, Ani.  Comment #105, posted on 13 September 2011 at 7:56 pm.  Retrieved on 13 September 2011 from http://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/09/13/wait-what-atheists-dont-understand-stories/comment-page-1/#comment-53326.

[4] The link leads to my blog entries that are filed under the Lessons in Literature category, which can be found at http://eternalbookshelf.wordpress.com/category/lessons-in-literature/.

[5] McCreight, Jen.  Skepticism & Fiction.  Posted on 23 July 2011 at Blag Hag.  Retrieved on 13 September 2011 from http://www.blaghag.com/2011/07/skepticism-fiction.html.

The link has been changed to http://freethoughtblogs.com/blaghag/2011/07/skepticism-fiction/, because Jen McCreight’s blog Blag Hag is now at Freethought Blogs.

[6] Christina, Greta.  When Anyone is Watching: Metaphors and the Slipperiness of Religion.  Posted on 23 October 2009 at Greta Christina’s Blog.  Retrieved 20 September 2011 from http://freethoughtblogs.com/greta/2009/10/23/when-anyone-is-watching/.

[7] Myers, PZ.  Sunday Sacrilege:  So alone.  Posted on 27 June 2010 at Pharyngula.  Retrieved on 20 September 2011 from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2010/06/sunday_sacrilege_so_alone.php.

On the (Once Again) Impending Rapture

²⁴ But in those days, after that tribulation, the sun shall be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light,

²⁵ And the stars of heaven shall fall, and the powers that are in heaven shall be shaken.

²⁶ And then shall they see the Son of man coming in the clouds with great power and glory.

²⁷ And then shall he send angels, and shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from the uttermost part of the earth to the uttermost part of heaven.

²⁸ Now learn a parable of the fig tree; When her branch is yet tender, and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is near:

²⁹ So ye in like manner, when ye shall see these things come to pass, know that it is nigh, even at the doors.

³⁰ Verily I say unto you, that this generation shall not pass, till all these things be done.

³¹ Heaven and earth shall pass away:  but my words shall not pass away.

³² But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father.

³³ Take ye heed, watch and pray:  for ye know not when the time is.

³⁴ For the Son of man is as a man taking a far journey, who left his house, and gave authority to his servants, and to every man his work, and commanded the porter to watch.

³⁵ Watch ye therefore:  for ye know not when the master of the house cometh, at even, or at midnight, or at the cockcrowing, or in the morning:

³⁶ Lest coming suddenly he find you sleeping.

³⁷ And what I say unto you I say unto all, Watch.

(Mark 13:24-37 KJV Bible)[1]

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That’s how it goes, you think you’re on top of the world, and suddenly they spring Armageddon on you.  The Great War, the Last Battle, Heaven versus Hell, three rounds, one Fall, no submission.  And that’d be that.  No more world.  That’s what the end of the world meant.  No more world.  Just endless Heaven or, depending on who won, endless Hell.  Crowley didn’t know which was worse. (Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett, Good Omens)[2]

A Letter:  A Message to the Left Behind

Brethren,

It has come to my attention that the world is about to come to an end[3] with the rapture occurring on May 21, 2011 at 6 p.m. in each local time zone, starting in the Pacific Rim.[4]  Some Christians are even spending their time spreading the message, ignoring their soon-to-be irrelevant earthly concerns.[5]  Reports and commentary on The Day to End All Days will be coming in from the godless in several time zones as the wave of God’s wrath ripples over existence.[6]  We have much to look forward to.  Those of us who have not accepted Jesus as our Lord and Savior will be left behind while true Christian believers[7] will be ratured up to Heaven.

As those of us who will be left prepare for the upcoming tribulation, I would like to express my sentiment that all is not lost.  This is a battle, the other side believes, with an already-settled outcome, but we will prevail in the end.  Why do I believe this?  A deity who has created a world such as ours, with its vastly imperfect nature, cannot himself be perfect.  He must have a weakness which we can use to bring about his defeat and destruction.  We will fight and we will win, and we will show that the altruism and cooperation of humanity can defeat any tyrant, even one who considers himself Almighty.

As long as there is life, there is hope.

Sincerely yours,

Your fellow godless heathen, Ani Sharmin

P. S.  In the extremely likely event that the rapture does not happen, please keep the altruism and cooperation in mind.

It’s The End of the World Yet Again

He [Newton] showed that comets, like planets, move in ellipses:  “Comets are a sort of planets revolved in very eccentric orbits about the Sun.”  This demystification, this prediction of regular cometary orbits, led his friend Edmund Halley in 1707 to calculate that the comets of 1531, 1607 and 1682 were apparitions at 76-year intervals of the same comet, and predicted its return in 1758.  The comet duly arrived and was named for him posthumously. (Carl Sagan, Cosmos)[8]

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Some say the world will end in fire,

Some say in ice.

From what I’ve tasted of desire

I hold with those who favor fire.

But if it had to perish twice,

I think I know enough of hate

To say that for destruction ice

Is also great

And would suffice.

(Robert Frost, Fire and Ice)[9]

Prophecies, especially those concerning the end of the world, are not uncommon in the history of humanity, or even in the history of the Christianity.  We humans seem fascinated with our own demise, a fascination which can be both enlightening and frightening, sometimes simultaneously.  A discussion about the possible events that could occur leading to the end of humanity, the end of Earth, or the end of the universe can be thought-provoking when based on evidence and reason, when accompanied by genuine consideration of the real world.  Even entirely fictional accounts of the end of the world (whether in religious texts or other literature) can be fascinating, when read as fiction and considered a narrative from which one can draw meaning or metaphor.

Unfortunately, the doomsday prophecies that are a part of Christianity (as well as other religions) are based upon faith, rather than evidence or reason.  They ignore the realities of the world, and are therefore completely different from scientific predictions such as Edmund Halley’s prediction of the return of the comet that was later named after him.  As a fictional story, the message that the rapture narratives send is one of an unreasonable and hateful deity who destroys those who do not worship him and rewards his followers, teaching them to look forward to the destruction of their own world and species.  There is also a certain arrogance in end of times predictions; they often assume that ours is the chosen generation, the one that will live to see the End in all its glory.

Whenever religious leaders take the responsibility of predicting the date of the end times onto their shoulders (which were not meant to carry such weight) other Christians are quick to denounce the prediction, often citing Bible verses (such as the one from Mark 13 above) to prove that humans cannot know when the end times will occur.  In saying this, they miss the main point, which is that the ideas about the end times as described in Christianity are baseless; events such as the second coming of Jesus and the judgment of humanity, followed by a segregated afterlife based upon the whims of a deity, are equally ridiculous whether one believes they will occur tomorrow or on an unknown date.

The end of humanity, the end of the planet Earth, the end of the universe—these are events upon which humans love to ponder, and scientists have put forth much effort in studying potential causes for these events.  At this point in human history, in addition to studying the various cosmic events that could occur leading to the ultimate end, we have also invented weaponry sufficiently advanced to bring about our own end.  Considering this fact, it is even more imperative that we use our minds and make every effort to improve our future.  A mindset which recommends ignoring potential dangers to our homeworld and encourages actions which will hasten our demise is not one which has relevant or useful contributions to offer in achieving this goal.  It is in our ability to think, not our ability to literally believe religious stories, that our salvation lies.

May the sun rise on Sunday morning over the horizon of an Earth that continues to spin and may this Earth continue to exist for a long while yet.

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References

[1] Mark 13:24-37 KJV Bible

To read online, go to http://biblia.com/bible/kjv/Mk13.24-37.

[2] Gaiman, Neil and Pratchett, Terry.  Good Omens:  The Nice and Accurate Prophecies of Agnes Nutter,Witch.  New York:  Penguin Putnam Inc., 2001 (1990), p. 11-2.

[ISBN:  0-441-00861-5]

[3] Finocchiaro, Peter.  Why the world might end next Saturday:  A group of Christian activists believe the apocalypse is May 21.  We look at the evidence and the man behind it.  Posted on May 10, 2011 at Salon.  Retrieved on May 12, 2011 from http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2011/05/10/rapture_may_21/index.html.

[4] Hagerty, Barbara Bradley.  Is The End Nigh?  We’ll Know Soon Enough.  Posted on May 7, 2011 at NPR.  Retrieved on May 20, 2011 from http://www.npr.org/2011/05/07/136053462/is-the-end-nigh-well-know-soon-enough.

[5] Parker, Ashley.  Make My Bed?  But You Say the World’s Ending.  Posted on May 19, 2011 at The New York Times.  Retrieved on May 20, 2011 from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/us/20rapture.html.

[6] Eberhard, JT.  It’s the end of the world as we know it…and I feel fine.  Posted on May 11, 2011 at WWJTD.  Retrieved on May 11, 2011 from http://wwjtd.net/?p=335.

[7] Eberhard, JT.  An Old Letter about “true” ™ Christianity.  Posted on April 14, 2009 at Zerowing21’s Xanga.  Retrieved on May 19, 2011 from http://zerowing21.xanga.com/698959756/an-old-letter-about-true-tm-christianity/.

[8] Sagan, Carl.  Cosmos.  New York:  Ballantine Books, 1980, Ch 4, p. 65.

[ISBN:  978-0-345-33135-9]

[9] Frost, Robert.  Fire and Ice.  Collected in:  The Poetry of Robert Frost (edited by Edward Connery Lathem).  New York:  St. Martin’s Griffin, 1975 (poem originally published in 1920), p. 220.

To read online, go to http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173527.